90% of Mars' surface mapped in 3D

The high-resolution stereo camera on the European Space Agency's Mars Express, which completes ten years since launch this June, has mapped nearly 90 percent of Mars' surface.

The mosaic comprises 2702 individual swaths of the Martian surface, up to and including the spacecraft's 10 821st orbit of the planet, which it completed on 30 June 2012.

In total, 87.8 percent of the surface has been mapped at any resolution, with 61.5 percent mapped at a resolution of 20 m per pixel or better. The map is equatorially aligned, meaning that regions at the poles appear distorted.

The map provides a record of all locations observed by the camera simultaneously in red, green, blue and nadir channels.

Images that were particularly affected by dust or atmospheric effects have not been included in the mosaic.

The subtle variation in colour tones are due partly to changes in dust content in the atmosphere, but mostly due to the change in solar elevation as the spacecraft moves around the planet, experiencing different illumination conditions.

Upon closer inspection, many well-known geological features are revealed. Towards the top left stands Olympus Mons, the tallest volcano in the Solar System at over 21 km high. A chain of three volcanoes making up the Tharsis Montes lies just below and to the right.

Moving further right again uncovers the Solar System's largest canyon, Valles Marineris. This giant cavern plunges 10 km deep and runs over 4000 km.

Assuming that good atmospheric conditions coincide with the appropriate orbits, Mars Express scientists hope that they might fill in the remaining gaps in the map in the coming years.